Crossing Borders: Control of Geographical Mobility in Early China

Abstract

Qin and Han subjects were required by law to register residency with local governments. Their mobility was thus subject to government scrutiny. This study explores (a) how such control extended to both official and private travel and (b) the various reasons that led people to travel. To facilitate surveillance, the Qin and Han governments both demarcated their territory through administrative units and checkpoints, issued transit permits, and enforced strict laws controlling the flow of travelers. Such control meant that people required permission to travel on private business to manage family matters, seek employment, and perform various other tasks. Although control was tight, the people in the early empire were still free to move from place to place.