25. Third Parties

Ewan Mckendrick
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Abstract

This chapter examines the impact of a contract on third parties. It addresses two main questions: whether or not a third party can acquire any rights under the contract, and whether or not the contract can impose upon him obligations or liabilities. The general rule adopted by English law is that the contract creates rights and imposes obligations only between the parties to the contract: the third party thus neither acquires rights under the contract nor is he subject to liabilities. This general rule is known as the doctrine of privity of contract. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, however, provides a relatively simple mechanism by which contracting parties can confer upon a third party a right to enforce a term of their contract. The dominant philosophy that underpins the 1999 Act is one of freedom of contract and, this being the case, the success of the Act in practice will depend upon contracting parties themselves. The chapter examines the individual sections of the 1999 Act, the exceptions to the doctrine of privity that existed at common law and under various statutes prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which a third party can be subject to an obligation by a contract to which he is not a party.
25. 第三方
本章探讨合同对第三方的影响。它解决了两个主要问题:第三方是否可以根据合同获得任何权利,以及合同是否可以对他施加义务或责任。英国法律采用的一般规则是,合同只在合同双方之间创造权利和规定义务:因此,第三方既不获得合同项下的权利,也不承担责任。这条一般规则被称为合同的相互关系原则。然而,1999年《合同(第三方权利)法》提供了一种相对简单的机制,通过该机制,缔约各方可以授予第三方执行合同条款的权利。支撑1999年法案的主要理念是契约自由,在这种情况下,该法案在实践中的成功将取决于缔约各方自己。本章考察了1999年法案的个别章节,以及在1999年法案颁布之前存在于普通法和各种成文法中的特权原则的例外情况。本章最后考虑了第三方在他不是当事人的合同中可以承担义务的程度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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