NECKLACE FROM CHORNIVKA HILL-FORT OF THE 13th CENTURY (EXCAVATION OF 1999—2020)

Abstract

During the archeological works on the Chornivka hillfort various ornaments which decorated the everyday and festive clothes of women having lived on the territory of the feudal castle in the first half — the mid-13th century were discovered. The material from which they are made, typology and production technology suggest that definite jewelry could belong to different social, ethnic and age groups of local people. The old Ukrainian women’s necklaces and breast adornment in addition to aesthetic function also had protective and social ones. These categories include a number of necklaces with numerous pendants. Their form and ornamentation reflected the local population worldviews, where together with Christian symbols, pagan elements were used. All of this shows the combination in these ornaments the primitive and Christian principles and the syncretism of their semantic content. One of the most numerous groups of women’s breast ornaments from the hillfort is a necklace. Most of the beads are represented by single finds but their clusters (minithesaurus) have also been recorded. During the study of the hillfort 72 whole and fragmented beads were found. They are represented by metal items such as elliptical beads decorated with filigree and grain, openwork frame beads decorated with grain, figured beads; cowrie shells; glass items — monochrome, polychrome and beads with metal foil. The beads found on the hill-fort significantly increase the information on the elements of old Ukrainian women’s costume decoration in the region and allow tracing the trade, economic, cultural and possibly military and political ties of the feudal castle in the first half — the mid-13th century.