Laboring in Cyberspace: A Lockean Theory of Property in Virtual Worlds

Abstract

This paper examines property relations in massively multiplayer online games MMOGs through the lens of John Locke's theory of property. It argues that Locke's understanding of the common must be modified to reflect the differences between the physical world that he dealt with and the virtual world that is now the site of property disputes. Once it is modified, Locke's theory provides grounds for recognizing player ownership of much of the intellectual material of virtual worlds, the goods players are responsible for creating, and the developer-created goods that players obtain through an exchange of labor or goods representing labor value.