LEACH-SM: A protocol for extending wireless sensor network lifetime by management of spare nodes

Abstract

After a wireless sensor network (WSN) is deployed, its operational lifetime depends on its energy resources. Available results reveal that significant improvement in WSN lifetime can be achieved by making WSNs redundant [2], that is, by adding to WSNs spare nodes that are initially asleep but are ready to be switched on when any primary node (i.e., a node that is not a spare) uses up its energy (we ignore failures).