The Female (and Male) Athlete Triad: Updates, Nutrition Implications, and Screening Tools to Prevent Low Bone Mineral Density

Abstract

The (and Tools to Abstracts Numerous physiologi cal and psychological benefits are afforded to those who participate in regular physical activity, including long-term protection against diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as well as improved bone health and a reduction in anxiety. However, medical issues can arise in both active males and females if proper care is not taken to match energy intake to energy expenditure. Knowledge of how to assess active individuals for the presence of one or more of the triad components is critical for male and female physicians, coaches, and athletic trainers. This review article will examine the complex dose-response relationship between reductions in energy availability and the disruption of hormonal responses that negatively impact bone mineral density in exercising males and females. In addition, critical strategies for the prevention, accurate identification, and treatment of the Triad will be discussed.