Detecting and Punishing Mute Nodes in Shard-Based Permissionless Blockchains

Mufei Qiu, Tianyu Kang, Li Guo, Wenwei Huang
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Abstract

As a key technology to solve the problem of trust in application systems, blockchain has attracted more and more attention in recent years. Many researches focus on applying voting-based consensus in permissionless blockchain to improve the throughput. However, in these methods, mute nodes may get the reward without participating in consensus, which may impact the availability of the system. We propose an observation exchanging protocol based on double-chain architecture to detect mute nodes. Nodes will vote on whether other nodes have sent protocol messages, and agree on an observation matrix which is generated by merging the observation of all nodes through consensus. We also propose an incentive mechanism and adopt a reputation system based on the matrix to punish mute nodes. Block reward is divided into three parts and is distributed according to the observation matrix. Security analysis shows that the observation exchanging protocol ensures mute nodes can be detected, and the incentive mechanism ensures mute nodes and the nodes adopt selfish strategies can be punished. Finally, we implement a prototype to evaluate our observation exchanging protocol and incentive mechanism. Experiment shows that the observation exchanging protocol merely has small influence on consensus delay.
基于分片的无权限区块链中静音节点的检测和惩罚
区块链作为解决应用系统信任问题的关键技术,近年来受到越来越多的关注。许多研究集中在无权限区块链中应用基于投票的共识来提高吞吐量。然而,在这些方法中,沉默节点可能在没有参与共识的情况下获得奖励,这可能会影响系统的可用性。提出了一种基于双链结构的观察交换协议来检测静音节点。节点将对其他节点是否发送了协议消息进行投票,并通过共识合并所有节点的观察结果生成观察矩阵。我们还提出了一种激励机制,并采用基于矩阵的声誉系统来惩罚沉默节点。区块奖励分为三部分,根据观察矩阵进行分配。安全性分析表明,观察交换协议保证了沉默节点能够被检测到,激励机制保证了沉默节点和采取自私策略的节点能够受到惩罚。最后,我们实现了一个原型来评估我们的观察交换协议和激励机制。实验表明,观测交换协议对共识延迟的影响很小。
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