Global 3-D full-Maxwell's equations FDTD modeling of the effects of space weather on the Earth-ionosphere system

Abstract

The historical record indicates the possibility of extraordinarily intense coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The largest documented CME occurred in 1859. This CME caused telegraph operators communicating over 100-km-long wire lines to experience electric shocks, some nearly fatal. Further, business transactions requiring telegraphic exchanges were completely shut down in the world's major capitals.