Understanding Civilian Participation and its Implications: A Case Study on the Inclusion of Syria's Civilian Population in the Context of Violence

Abstract

The Syrian conflict has evolved into a brutal civil war with widespread human rights violations. This paper examines the key drivers of the conflict, specifically focusing on the level of violence against civilians. The conflict in Syria originated from protests against the government, triggered by the harsh crackdown on demonstrators. The paper highlights the role of violence as a strategy employed by both the Syrian regime and opposition forces, resulting in significant civilian casualties and displacement. The violence has escalated due to the militarization of the opposition and the regime's attempts to regain control. Sectarian divisions, exacerbated by historical tensions and the impact of global warming, have further contributed to the conflict. The paper emphasizes the importance of the rule of law in preventing, mitigating, and resolving conflicts. Weak governance, lack of respect for human rights, and failure to respond peacefully to civilian protests have fueled grievances and the rise of extremist groups. Strengthening civil society and promoting good governance are crucial to reducing the risk of conflicts and civil war. The paper concludes that a unified Syrian opposition and a government without any influence are vital steps towards resolving the conflict, alongside international intervention and support. Upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights and freedoms of civilians are essential for restoring peace and stability in Syria.   Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 21 June 2023 / Published: 23 July 2023