The “Theatre Effect” of Shadow Education: A Study Based on Data from China Education Panel Survey

Abstract

Based on data from the China Education Panel Survey in the academic years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, this article sought to investigate whether shadow education can yield the “theater effect” and whether the “theater effect” of shadow education is heterogeneous between families of different socio-economic status as well as between urban and rural families, using the hierarchical linear Bernoulli model.