The propagation of electromagnetic waves generated by a vertical electric dipole in the presence of two- and three-layered regions

Abstract

The authors generalize the analysis of the vertical dipole in the presence of two layers to three layers. The electromagnetic field of a vertical dipole in the presence of a three-layered region has application to radio communication over asphalt- or cement-coated ground, as well as over Arctic ice or ice on a lake. The three-layer analysis provides the field generated by vertical elements in microstrip circuits and antennas. In combination with the field already available for the horizontal electric dipole, it provides the field of magnetic dipoles which are useful in the 10-100 Hz frequency range for detecting submerged submarines in the ocean and under Arctic ice.<>