Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Overview of Clinical Manifestations

Abstract

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is one of the four main types of lupus, a well-known chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Subtypes are currently grouped based on histology, duration, clinical findings, and laboratory tests. Lupus erythematosus is a connective tissue disease with a complex involvement of immunologic, genetic, and environmental factors. Although the etiology is poorly understood, insights elucidate the importance of disrupting hemostasis from the immunoregulatory disarray, immunologic tolerance, complement system, and development of autoantibodies