Are Projects and Project Managers Fragile, Robust or Anti-Fragile?

Abstract

It may be said that we live in depressing times. Our media is full of failing and failed organisations. From the financial crises to the BBC, from the US IRS or the Veterans Health Administration, to the UK Houses of Parliament, all around us is the evidence that our systems and safeguards are failing to protect the stakeholders from the slings and arrows of outrageous management, and an ever more demanding and volatile environment. Clearly, modern life has an enormous dependence on the integrity of human systems.