Mobile revolution: From 2G to 5G

Abstract

This paper shows, using a technical perspective, the evolution of mobile technologies, from the second generation (2G) to the fifth generation (5G). It is analyzed from the following angles: multiple access, duplex, spectrum, carrier aggregation, modulation, multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antennas, access infrastructure, and from the point of view of the standardization of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) issued by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the Releases of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Likewise, equations are formulated for the theoretical calculation of the speed offered by each technology.