Sustainable and Circular Mango Farming Through Redesigning Sales Contracts

Abstract

Mango orchards in Bihar are managed through four different types of sales contracts, namely fully self-managed, short-tenure sales contract, long-term sales contract, and last quarter sales contract. This study has attempted to appraise the impact of different types of sales contracts on mango yield and farmers' income. Results indicate that last quarter sales contract is most sustainable followed by fully self-managed contracts. The remaining two contracts are neither sustainable nor financially viable. The higher sustainability of the last quarter's sales contract is attributed to clean landholding of the owners, optimal use of flowering inducers (PBZ), and segregated rights of merchants and owners.