CHAPTER 3. Application of Step, Cumulative, and Global E-factor and Process Mass Intensity Metrics to Gauge Synthesis Efficiency: l-DOPA and Apixaban Pharmaceutical Examples

Abstract

The utility of step, cumulative, and global E-factor and process mass intensity metrics is demonstrated for the analysis of the material efficiency of synthesis plans for the pharmaceuticals l-DOPA and apixaban. The mathematical relationships relating global and cumulative metrics to step metrics are applicable to any synthesis plan for any molecule.