Transactive energy scheme based on multi-factor evaluation and contract net protocol for distribution network with high penetration of DERs

Abstract

Distributed energy resources (DERs) include distributed generations (DGs), distributed energy storages (DESs), and the demand response resources (DRRs). With the increasing penetration of DERs in distribution network, more and more users change from power consumers to prosumers which have great influences on distribution network as well as generate new business models on the demand side. Based on the emerging change of the power system, this paper proposes a transactive energy scheme (TES) based on multi-factor evaluation and contract net protocol to determine energy trading strategies among prosumers to realize economic and stable operation of distribution network. In the proposed TES, a TE market is built in the deregulatory retail power market. Power consumers, smart homes, industrial parks, or virtual power plants with DERs take the initiative as transactive nodes (TNs), and the peer to peer transactions among TNs in TE market can be carried out based on the multi-factor evaluation and contract protocol. When a TN cannot meet its own electricity demand, it launches the contract net to other TNs, requests to carry on the electric energy transaction, and determines the selected TNs according to the multi-factor evaluation. The simulation results show compared with the traditional electricity business model, the market participants who use the proposed TES can gain more economic benefits as well as protecting their own privacy.