The effect of human papilloma virus on women reproductive system, pregnancy outcome of mothers: a review

Abstract

Human papillomavirus is a type of sexually transmitted virus that is common in people with factors such as multiple sexual partners, a weakened immune system caused by anxiety, or alcohol and tobacco users. This virus (human papilloma) causes negative effects on vaginal and cervical epithelial cells, sperm quality and other fertility parameters. Human papilloma virus can exist in the seminal fluid caused by ejaculation and play a role in the fertility quality of men. Different viruses may directly or indirectly infect male gametes, sperms. Decreased fertility quality is caused by changes in sperm structure, increased sperm DNA fragmentation, and increased sperm aneuploidy. As a result, it causes a decrease in the quality of fertility in women and men and failure of assisted reproductive methods, and pregnancy complications such as frequent miscarriages, premature births and weight loss at birth. HPV causes precancerous cells, low-grade and high-grade cancer (LSIL-HSIL).