Nephrolithiasis – an updated review in relation to diagnosis, prevention and treatment

Abstract

Nephrolithiasis is one of the main ailment of the urinary tract and is a chief source of morbidity. Stone formation is one of the painful urologic disorders that happen in approximately 15% of the global population and its re–occurrence rate in males is 74–86% and 45–62% in female. Kidney stones are linked with chronic kidney disease. Preventing reappearance is precisely to the type of stone like calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, cystine, magnesium ammonium phosphate and uric acid stones.1,2