Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in a young Italian woman with a de novo missense variant in the CLCN4 gene: A case report

Abstract

Introduction

Raynaud-Claes syndrome is a very rare X-linked condition, characterized by intellectual disability, impaired language development, brain abnormalities, facial dysmorphisms and drug-resistant epilepsy. It is caused by loss-of-function variants in the CLCN4 gene, which encodes the 2Cl−/H + exchanger ClC-4, prominently expressed in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Different genotypic variants have been described, each exhibiting specific phenotypic characteristics. The loss-of-function variant p.Gly544Arg in the CLCN4 gene has been described in only two male probands, but there are no reports on phenotypic characterization in females.

Case presentation

We present a 30-year-old Italian woman with early-onset drug-resistant epilepsy, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, developmental delay, absence of verbal language development, behavioral impairment with autistic features, and clusters of seizures during catamenial periods. The interictal EEG showed slight inconstant slowing of the background rhythm, with abnormal frontal predominant mu like rhythm and generalized spike and polyspike wave discharges, which increased in frequency during drowsiness. A brain MRI showed slight cranio-encephalic asymmetry and a smaller size of the left hippocampus. The whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a de novo heterozygous c.1630G > A variant in the CLCN4 gene, resulting in the amino acid substitution p.Gly544Arg (rs587777161), consistent with Raynaud-Claes syndrome.

Discussion and conclusion

Our patient is the first case of a de novo p.Gly544Arg variant of the CLCN4 gene in a female proband, confirming that female patients with Raynaud-Claes syndrome can be as severely affected as the male counterparts. Our case expands the phenotypic characterization of different genotypic CLCN4 variants, which can become crucial in the future for early diagnosis if targeted therapy becomes available.